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Illusion - Is Seeing Really Believing?
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Illusion - Is Seeing Really Believing (1998)(Marshall Media)[Mac-PC].iso
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00166_Field_frep135.txt
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1996-12-30
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This result showed clearly
that one function of the corpus
callosum is to connect cells so
that their fields can span the
midline. It therefore cements
together the two halves of the
visual world. To imagine this
more vividly, suppose that our
cortex had originally been
constructed out of one piece
instead of being subdivided into
two hemispheres; area 17 would
then be one large plate,
mapping the entire visual field.
Neighboring cells would of
course be richly
interconnected, so as to
produce the various response
properties, including
movement responses and
orientation selectivity. Now
suppose a dictator (the deity,
evolution, or whatever) decides
this will no longer do: half the
cells must henceforth go to one
hemisphere and half to the
other. What to do about all those
rich connections between the
cells that must now be pulled
apart? The connections, we
suppose, are simply dragged
across and form part of the
corpus callosum. To avoid
delays in having the signals
travel so great a distance (in
humans, perhaps 5 to 6 inches)
we speed conduction by putting
a myelin coating on the axons.
Of course, in evolution nothing
like this ever really happened,
since the brain had two
hemispheres long before the
cerebral cortex evolved.
This experiment of
Berlucchi and Rizzolatti
provides the most vivid example
I know of the remarkable
specificity of neural
connections. The cell
illustrated to the left, and
presumably a million other
callosally connected cells like
it, derives a single orientation
selectivity both through local
connections to nearby cells and
through connections coming
from a region of cortex in the
other hemisphere, several
inches away, from cells with
the same orientation
selectivity and immediately
adjacent receptive-field
positions--to say nothing of all
the other matching attributes,
such as direction selectivity,
end-stopping, and degree of
complexity. Every callosally
connected cell in the visual
cortex must get its input from
cells in the opposite
hemisphere with exactly
matching properties. We have
all kinds of evidence for such
selective connectivity in the
nervous system, but I can think
of none that is so beautifully
direct.